| Tatar | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| татар теле / tatar tele / تاتار تيلی | ||||
| Spoken in | Russia, other post-Soviet states | |||
| Ethnicity | Tatars | |||
| Native speakers | 6.5 million (2002)[1] | |||
| Language family | ||||
| Writing system | Cyrillic, Latin, Arabic | |||
| Official status | ||||
| Official language in | Tatarstan (Russia) | |||
| Regulated by | Institute of Language, Literature and Arts of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-1 | tt | |||
| ISO 639-2 | tat | |||
| ISO 639-3 | tat | |||
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The Tatar language (татар теле, татарча, tatar tele, tatarça), or more specifically Kazan Tatar, is a Turkic language spoken by the Tatars of historical Kazan Khanate, including modern Tatarstan and Bashkiria. It should not be confused with the Crimean Tatar language, to which it is remotely related.
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Tatar is spoken in Russia (about 5.3 million people), Central Asia, Ukraine, Poland, China, Finland, Turkey and other countries.
Tatar is also native for some thousands of Maris. Mordva's Qaratay group also speak Tatar. 94% of ethnic Tatar claimed knowledge of Tatar language during the 2002 census.[2]
Tatar, along with Russian, is the official language of the Republic of Tatarstan. The official script of Tatar language is based on the Cyrillic script with some additional letters. Sometimes other scripts are used, mostly Latin and Arabic. All official sources in Tatarstan use Cyrillic at their web-sites and publishing. In other cases, where Tatar has no official status, the use of a specific alphabet depends on the preference of the author. Guides in Tatarstan are published in two alphabets.
The Tatar language was made a de facto official language in Russia in 1917, but only in the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic. Tatar is also considered the official language in short-lived Idel-Ural State, briefly formed during the Russian Civil War. One should note, however, that Bolshevist Russia did not recognize official languages as such; however, there were a number of languages that could be used in trial in some republics. In the Soviet era, Tatar was such a language in Bashkortostan, Mari El and other regions of the Russian SFSR.
The usage of Tatar declined from the 1930s onwards. In the 1980s it was not studied in city schools, not even by Tatar pupils. Although the language was used in rural schools, Tatar-speaking pupils had little chance to enter a university, because all higher education was in Russian.
Tatar is no longer classified as an endangered language,[3] although it is still a low prestige language. Higher education in Tatar can only be found in Tatarstan, and is restricted to the humanities. In other regions Tatar is primarily a spoken language and the number of speakers as well as their proficiency tends to decrease. Tatar is popular as a written language only in Tatar-speaking areas where schools with Tatar language lessons are situated. On the other hand, Tatar is the only language in use in rural districts of Tatarstan.
There are 3 main dialects of Tatar: Western (Mişär or Mishar), Middle (Kazan), and Eastern (Siberian). All of these dialects also have subdivisions. Significant contribution to the study of the Tatar language and its dialects, made famous scientist, a professor of philology Gabdulkhay Akhatov, which is considered the founder of modern Tatar dialectological school.
In the Western (Mişär) dialect Ç is pronounced [tʃ] (southern or lambir mishars) and as [ts] (northern mishars or nizhgars). C is pronounced [dʒ]. There are no differences between v and w, q and k, g and ğ in the Mişär dialect. (The Cyrillic alphabet doesn't have special letters for q, ğ and w, so Mişär speakers have no difficulty reading Tatar written in Cyrillic.)
This is the dialect spoken by the Tatar minority of Finland.
In the Minzälä subdialect of the Middle Dialect z is pronounced [ð], as opposed to other dialects where it is silent.
In bilingual cities people often pronounce h as [x], q as [k], ğ as [ɡ], w as [v]. This could be due to Russian influence. Another possibility is that these cities were places where both the western and middle dialects were used.
The influence of Russian is significant. Russian words and phrases are used with Tatar grammar or Russian grammar in Tatar texts. Some Russian verbs are taken entirely, un-nativized, and followed with itärgä. Some English words and phrases are also used.
There was a distinct cryptolect, the Gäp, spoken predominantly in Kazan, but now it is extinct or near extinction.
Siberian Tatars pronounce ç as [ts], c as [j] and sometimes b as [p], d as [t], f as p, y and j as ch, t as d, z as s and h as k. There are also grammatical differences within the dialect, scattered across Siberia.[4]
Many linguists claim the origins of Siberian Tatar dialects are actually independent of Volga–Ural Tatar; these dialects are quite remote both from Standard Tatar and from each other, often preventing mutual comprehension. The claim that this language is part of the modern Tatar language is typically supported by linguists in Kazan and denounced by Siberian Tatars.
Over time, some of these dialects were given distinct names and recognized as separate languages (e.g. the Chulym language) after detailed linguistic study. A brief linguistic analysis shows that many of these dialects exhibit features which are quite different from the Volga–Ural Tatar varieties, and should be classified as Turkic varieties belonging to several sub-groups of the Turkic languages, distinct from Kipchak languages to which Volga–Ural Tatar belongs.
By studying the phonetic peculiarities of dialect of the local population of Siberia, professor Gabdulkhay Akhatov first among the scientists discovered in the Speech of Siberian Tatars is such a thing as the pronounce,[5] which in his opinion, was obtained for the Siberian Tatars of Kipchaks.[6] In his classic fundamental research work "Dialect West Siberian Tatars" (1963) professor Gabdulkhay Akhatov wrote about a territorial resettlement of the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars Tyumen and Omsk areas. Subjecting a comprehensive integrated analysis of the phonetic system, the lexical composition and grammatical structure, the scientist concluded that the language of the Siberian Tatars is a separate dialect, it is not divided into sub-dialects and it is one of the most ancient Turkic languages.[5]
Phonemically, Tatar may be argued to have two vowel heights, high and low. The low vowels are two, front and back, whereas the high vowels are eight: front and back, round and unround, long and short. However, phonetically, the short high vowels are reduced: they are mid-centralized. They are therefore generally transcribed with mid vowel letters such as e and o: high front i ü, high back ï u, reduced (mid) front e ö, reduced (mid) back ë o, and low ä, a. The high back unrounded vowel ï is only found in Russian loans, though the native diphthong ëy, which only occurs word-finally, has been argued to be phonemically ï..[7] Loaned vowels are considered to be back vowels.
Phonetically, the native vowels are approximately high и/i [i], ү/ü [ʉ], у/u [u], reduced е (э)/e [ɘ̆], ө/ө [ɵ̆], ы/ı [ɤ̆~ʌ̆] о/o [ŏ] (ë may be mid-low), and low ә/ə [a~æ], а/а [ɑ]. In polysyllabic words, the front-back distinction is lost in reduced vowels: all become mid-central.[7] Reduced vowels in unstressed position are frequently elided. Low back /ɑ/ is rounded [ɒ] word-initially and after [ɒ], as in bala 'child'. In Russian loans there are also [ɨ], [ɛ], and [ɔ][8]
Historically, the Turkic high vowels have become the Tatar reduced series, whereas the Turkic mid vowels have replaced them. Thus Kazakh til 'language' and kün 'day' correspond to Tatar tel and kön, while Kazakh men 'I', qol 'hand', and kök 'sky' are in Tatar min, qul, kük.
| Labial | Labio- velar |
Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | m /m/ | n /n/ | ñ /ŋ/ | ñ [ɴ] | |||||
| Plosives | Voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | q [q] | ' /ʔ/ | |||
| Voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /ɡ/ | ||||||
| Fricatives | Voiceless | f /f/ | s /s/ | ş /ʃ/ | ç /tɕ~ɕ/ | x /χ/ | h /h/ | ||
| Voiced | v /v/ | z /z/ | j /ʒ/ | c /dʑ~ʑ/ | ğ [ʁ~ɢ] | ||||
| Trill | r /r/ | ||||||||
| Approximants | w /w/ | l /l/ | y /j/ ([j~ɪ]) | ||||||
Uvular consonants are allophones of velars before back vowels.
Most of these phonemes are common to or have equivalents in all Turkic languages, but the phonemes /v/, /ts/, /h/ and /ʒ/ are only found in loanwords in Literary Tatar. /f/ is also of foreign origin, but is also found in native words, e.g. yafraq "leaf".[9]
While the consonants [ʒ], [f] and [v] are not native to Tatar, they are well established. However, Tatars usually substitute fricatives for affricates, for example [ɕ] for [tʃ], [ʒ] or [ʑ] for [dʒ], and [s] for [ts]. Nevertheless, literary traditions recommend the pronunciation of affricates in loanwords.
[ʔ] (hamza) is a sound found in Arabic loanwords and Islamic prayers. It is usually pronounced [e] in loanwords.
Palatalisation is not common in Tatar. As a result, speakers have no problem using the Arabic and Jaŋalif scripts, neither of which has an accepted method for indicating palatalisation.
In general, Russian words with palatalisation have entered into the speech of bilingual Tatars since the 1930s. When writing in the Cyrillic alphabet, Russian words are spelled as they are in Russian. In today's Latin orthography, palatalisation is sometimes represented by an acute diacritic under the vowel.
Some Tatars speak Russian without palatalisation, which is known as a Tatar accent.
Stress is on the final syllable.
Tatar phonotactics dictate many pronunciation changes.
Unrounded vowels may be pronounced as rounded after o or ö:
qorı /qoro/
borın /boron/
közge /közgö/
sorı /soro/)
Nasals are assimilated to following stops:
unber /umber/
mengeç /meñgeç/
Voicing may also undergo assimilation:
küzsez /küssez/
Unstressed vowels may be syncopated or reduced:
urını /urnı/
kilene /kilne/
bezne /bĕzne/
kerdem /kĕrdem/
qırğıç /qĭrğıç/
Vowels may also be elided:
qara urman /qar'urman/
kilä ide /kilä'yde/
turı uram /tur'uram/
bula almím /bul'almím/
In consonant clusters longer than two phones, ı or e (whichever is dictated by vowel harmony) is inserted into speech as an epenthetic vowel.
tekst → /tekest/
bank → /banık/ (not /bañk/)
Final devoicing is also frequent:
tabíb (doctor) → [tabíp]
Like other Turkic languages, Tatar is an agglutinative language.
| Personal Pronouns | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
| Nominative | мин | син | ул | без | сез | алар |
| Genitive | минем | синең | аның | безнең | сезнең | аларның |
| Dative | миңа | сиңа | аңа | безгә | сезгә | аларга |
| Accusative | мине | сине | аны | безне | сезне | аларны |
| Locative | миндә | синдә | анда | бездә | сездә | аларда |
| Ablative | миннән | синнән | аннан | бездән | сездән | алардан |
| Demonstrative Pronouns | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||
| Case | "This" | "That" | "These" | "Those" |
| Nominative | бу | шул | булар | шуллар |
| Genitive | моның | шуның | буларның | шулларның |
| Dative | моңа | шуңа | буларга | шулларга |
| Accusative | моны | шуны | буларны | шулларны |
| Locative | монда | шунда | буларда | шулларда |
| Ablative | моннан | шуннан | булардан | шуллардан |
| Interrogative Pronouns | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Who? | What? |
| Nominative | кем | нәрсә |
| Genitive | кемнең | нәрсәнең |
| Dative | кемгә | нәрсәгә |
| Accusative | кемне | нәрсәне |
| Locative | кемдә | нәрсәдә |
| Ablative | кемнән | нәрсәдән |
Tatar has been written in a number of different alphabets.
Writing was adopted from the Bolgar language, which used the Orkhon script, before the 920s. Later, the Arabic alphabet was also used, as well as the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets.
Before 1928 Tatar was written with a variant of the Arabic alphabet (Iske imla to 1920; Yanga imla 1920–1928).
In the Soviet Union after 1928, Tatar was written with a Latin orthography called Jaŋalif.
In 1939, in Tatarstan (a republic of Russia where Tatar is most commonly used) and all other parts of the Soviet Union a Cyrillic script was developed and is still used to write Tatar. It is also used in Kazakhstan.
A Latin-based system has been used mostly in Tatarstan since 2000 and generally on the Internet, although this has been less common more recently due to the Russian law that all official languages of Russia must be written in Cyrillic.[11]
In China, Tatars still use the Arabic script.
| А а | Ә ә | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё |
| Ж ж | Җ җ | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м |
| Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Т т |
| У у | Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш |
| Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
| A a | Ə ə | B b | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | F f |
| G g | Ğ ğ | H h | I ı | İ i | J j | K k | Q q |
| L l | M m | N n | Ꞑ ꞑ | O o | Ɵ ɵ | P p | R r |
| S s | Ş ş | T t | U u | Ü ü | V v | W w | X x |
| Y y | Z z | ’ |
Tatar's ancestors are the extinct Bolgar and Kipchak languages. Crimean Tatar is not closely related, being more akin to standard Turkish.
The literary Tatar language is based on Tatar's Middle dialect and the Old Tatar language (İske Tatar Tele). Both are members of the Kipchak group of Turkic languages, although they are also partly derived from the ancient Volga Bolgar language.
The Tatar language has been strongly influenced by most of the Uralic languages in the Volga River area,[12] as well as Arabic, Persian and Russian languages.[13]
8. Čaušević, Ekrem: Kazantatarisch. (= Wieser Enzyklopaedie des Europaeischen Ostens / Okuka, Miloš & Krenn, Gerald (ur.). Klagenfurt-Wien-Ljubljana : Wieser Verlag, 2002.. Str. 793–797.]; http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Kasantatarisch.pdf
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